Introduction to Total Station In surveying, the advanced electronic instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles along with distance is called total station. In field Survey, based instruments is now so widespread that it would be difficult to imagine any contemporary site surveying without it. The recent applications of electronics in the surveying instruments … Read more
Remote Sensing Definition Remote sensing is broadly defined as science and information about objects, area of phenomenon from distance without being in physical contact with them. Remote Sensing is the process of obtaining information about an object, terrain or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a sensor device without actual physical contact with … Read more
Tape Correction The tape corrections used in surveying are as follows : Correction for Standardization. Correction for Slope. Correction of Pull. Correction for Temperature. Correction for Sag. Normal Tension. Correction for Misalignment. Reduction of length to mean sea level. Tape Correction for Standardization : Correction per tape length (C) = l’ – l Here, l … Read more
Methods of Levelling : The important methods of levelling used while surveying are as follows : Barometric Levelling. Trigonometric Levelling. Spirit Levelling. Differential Levelling. Reviprocal Levelling. Profile Levelling. Barometric Levelling : It makes use of the phenomenon that difference in elevations between two points is proportional to the difference atmospheric pressure at these points. Trigonometric … Read more
What is Scale and Types of Scales in Surveying . A scale is the ratio of the distance marked on the plan to the corresponding distance on the ground. A good draughtsman can plot a length to accuracy within 0.25 mm. Types of Scales are generally classified as large, medium and small. There are generally … Read more
Introduction to Surveying Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of various points above, on or below the surface of the earth. The relative positions in surveying are determined by measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances (elevations}, horizontal angles and vertical angles accurately by using various surveying instruments. Important Objectives of Surveying … Read more
Concept of Geographic Information System In today’s modern world most of the decisions involving planning and development are based on consideration of the information available regarding location or geographic information. such information regarding location is usually referred to as Geographic Information System or GIS. Geographic Information System should include not only the data processing functions … Read more
Importance of Global Positioning System (GPS) in Civil Engineering Global Positioning System is a system developed by the US Department Of Defence (D.O.D) for military as well as Civil operations. The D.O.D sustains it. The Global Positioning System provides quickly, accurate and inexpensively to determine the time, position and velocity of any object on the … Read more
What is Contour line in Surveying ? A Contour line may be defined as an imaginary line passing through the points of equal devotion. A contour line may also be defined as the intersection of a level surface with the surface of the earth. When the contours are drawn underwater, they are termed as Submarine … Read more
Plane Table Surveying Plane Table Surveying is one of the most rapid method of surveying. The plane table is an instrument used for surveying by a graphical method in which the field work and plotting are done simultaneously. The main advantage of plane table surveying is that the topographic features to be mapped are in … Read more